Why Dont I See My PHP Code When I View Source

Web developers and others who are knowledgeable about web pages know you can use a browser to view the HTML source code of a website. However, if the website contains PHP code, that code is not visible, because all the PHP code is executed on the server before the website is sent to a browser. All the browser ever receives is the result of the PHP embedded in the HTML. For this same reason, you cannot go to a .php file on the web, save it, and expect to see how it works. You are only saving the page produced by the PHP, and not the PHP itself. PHP is a server-side programming language, meaning it is executed at the web server before the website is sent to the end-user. This is why you cant see the PHP code when you view the source code. Sample PHP Script When this script appears in the coding of a web page or .php file that is downloaded by an individual to a computer, that viewer sees: My PHP Page Because the rest of the code is just instructions for the web  server, it isnt viewable. A view source or a save simply displays the results of the code—in this example, the text My PHP Page. Server-Side Scripting vs. Client-Side Scripting PHP isnt the only code that involves server-side scripting, and server-side scripting isnt limited to websites. Other server-side programming languages include C#, Python, Ruby, C and Java.   Client-side scripting operates with embedded scripts—JavaScript is the most common—that are sent from the web server to a users computer. All the client-side script processing takes place in a web browser on the end-users computer.

Is Bullying Within The School - 1936 Words

Well to begin, most of you know me as a high school graduate from the class of 2016. However, I am writing to you to help your institution hear the unheard cries for help. How I would like to help make this school a better place for those who have been in situations that would make them think otherwise. The issue I would like to speak on is bullying within the school, Some schools have problems with it, some don’t. After having hands on experience within the social life as a high school student in your institution, I can actually say there is a problem with bullying. Most of my time was spent at Duval, where I have been able to see students harass one another purposely just to get a laugh. People intentionally hurt people’s feelings†¦show more content†¦For you guys as an institution of children from the ages of 13-19 the main base for bullying between teenagers is through social media which is mainly known as cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is not just a small is sue that will go away. It is something that affects the social life of the victim and the victimizer. Within the past year Stop bullying.gov stated that 20% of U.S. students in grades nine through twelve experienced bullying and that 15% of high school students grades nine through twelve were electronically bullied in the past year. From my perspective, those numbers are too high because out of those numbers, some of them will go on into depression because they don t know how to express their feelings toward their issues in bullying. Also, Jessie Klein the author of The bully society in which she stated how if bullying is left alone and not stopped can lead to suicides, school shootings, and the school to decline academically due to violence and the feel of the institution not being a safe place. Klein is the assistant professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Adelphi College. However, Duval had multiple deaths of students from myShow MoreRelatedBullying Among Students Within Schools1946 Words   |  8 PagesThis chapter will be examining schools in context, including bullying. To start this there will be a review of what basic bullying is. There will be an explanation of the Zero-Tolerance policy. Specifically, the different forms of bullying that occur in the school context. There was a study done by Taylor Francis Group with â€Å"An analysis of bullying among students within Schools†¦Ã¢â‚¬  After there will be a description of someone who is a potential target for bullying and how to handle it , if you areRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Students Within The School System920 Words   |  4 Pagesor children carry. Bullying. Bullying over the course of the years still plays a role in the education system. Although the form of bullying has changed from the past to now, it still has an effect on students within the school systems. In the past there was the physical form of bullying where â€Å"jocks† would push the â€Å"nerds† into lockers or their books out of their hands. Another typical term used by bullies that anybody can recognize is, â€Å"give me your lunch money,† but bullying has evolved over theRead MoreSticks and Stones May Break My Bones, but So Much More Can Hurt Me: Negative Impacts of Bullying Within Todays Schools1110 Words   |  4 PagesSticks and Stones May Break My Bones, but So Much More Can Hurt Me Remember when school yard teasing was really just harmless tick for tack, pig tail pulling, dares to â€Å"cross this line† and double-dog dares to â€Å"knock this block off of my shoulder†? Well, those days are long gone. Bullying has taken on a new and more extreme form since the days of old and it appears to be getting disturbingly worse every day. 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Bullies are often intensely insecure themselves and will do anything in their power to make another human being feel worse than they currently do about themselves. Bullying is a problem within schools, workplaces, and even a family’s home. Bullying can have life long consequences for both the bully and their victim. Many children are the victims of bullies, and some take such stepsRead MoreCyber Bullying : Bullying And Bullying1290 Words   |  6 PagesModern Literature 5 May 2014 Bullying Bullying is like a disease, it stays within the schools, and community and people are trying to stop it. It destroys the victims that get bullied. Bullying has always been around and there are people trying to prevent it from happening. Bullying is being prevented by clubs and by people taking action. Bullying damages the victims and the computers can cause cyber-bullying also the victims have problems after being bullied. Cyber bullying and it keeps people hookedRead MoreShould Bullying Be Long Term?847 Words   |  4 Pagesthat around 46% of young people, have witnessed or been the victim of bullying during their childhood (Choices, 2016). Although there is no official legal definition of bullying, it is suggested that it is a repeated and negative behaviour which is deliberately used to hurt someone either physically or emotionally (Lives, 2013). There are many form of bullying including the most common; physical, verbal, relational and cyber bullying. It is often motivated against specific groups, including religionRead MoreCyber Bullying Is A Phenomenon That Has Largely Been Examined From The Perspective Of The Individual Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesSummary: Cyber bullying is a phenomenon that has largely been examined from the perspective of the individual. 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Heidrick Struggles International, Inc Free Essays

Strategic Recruitment is critical to the success of an organization in meeting its goals and mission because the organization needs people that can think out of the box and grasp concepts that are different from the normal. An organization is only as successful as it is able to keep up with change. By bring in strategic and aggressive people it allows the organization to bring in new and fresh ideas to motivate the current staff that maybe stale with confident from tenure. We will write a custom essay sample on Heidrick Struggles International, Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now Summary of the Case Kelly, CEO, has been running Heidrick Struggles making sounds, low risk, and financial investments in order to get his company to the next level; he now looks to more high risk, but yet higher dividend investment into technology. The technology investments do not have a long track record of dividend which concerns the company of its financial stability. How can Kelly convent them, that he is making an aggressive decision in order to get his company to the next level? Issues The company probably has for years been buying stocks and bonds, and these investments are low risk and low pay out investments. Kelly no longer wants to maintain the organization, but he wants to grow the organization instead. Alternate Courses of Action There are likely better investments with a proven financial track record. I am sure that the organization trust Kelly’s judgment but simply wants more proven assurance that the decision being made are wise decision. Being able to track an investment returns over a longer time period can be proof enough of it financial worth. Recommendations My recommendations are to do more research on more technology funds in the technology field, look for companies with tenure within management and strong financial security. Even thought technology may be the current investment venture I would do more research to predict future market trends so that I could stay ahead of the curve. Conclusion Kelly wants to see his organization grow, but in the future make sure homework is done and brought to the table first for consideration. Kelly must be to do his homework and is able to actually believe in his research before he will be able to convent anyone else of his idea. How to cite Heidrick Struggles International, Inc, Essay examples

Reliability Makes Accounting Relevant

Questions: 1. Explain why principles-based standards require a conceptual framework? 2. Why is it important that the IASB and FASB share a common conceptual framework? 3. It is suggested that several parties can benefit from a conceptual framework. Do you consider that a conceptual framework is more important for some parties than others? Explain your reasoning? 4. What is meant by a 'cross-cutting' issue? Suggest some possible examples of crosscutting issues? 5. What you think is the fundamental problem with financial statements based upon the historic cost measurement principle used under US GAAP ? 6. What do you think of the principle' ... accounts must reflect economic reality' as a core principle of measurement in accounting? 7. How would you measure economic reality? 8. What is reliability in accounting? 9. How do you think companies would go about estimating such a provision? 10. What aspects of the requirements were used by US companies to defer recognition of a liability? 11. In what ways does the recognition of the liability in relation to future restoration activity affect net profit in the current year and future years; and cash flow in the current and future years? 12. The article refers to changes in disclosure requirements relating to environmental liabilities in many countries around the world. How important is it that companies recognise the liability? To what extent is disclosure about the liability sufficient? Answers: 1.Conceptual framework in principle-based standards According to Detzen (2014), a conceptual framework is essential in the attempt of defining the purpose and nature of accounting while considering the theoretical concepts as well as the conceptual issues that surround financial reporting that can underpin the development of accounting standards. The same study denotes that principle-based standards have become more complex and increasingly detailed while attempting to map financial activities and statements. As a result, a conceptual framework can be used as it applies to many disciplines and specifically related to financial reporting. In principle-based accounting standards, Walton (2014) denotes that conceptual framework are viewed as statements of the accepted accounting principle forming a base of reference in evaluating the present practices as well as the progress of new strategies and accounting practices. Within the principle-based standards, conceptual framework provides vital information on the basis of economic decision-making as it forms a theoretical foundation for the determination of the measurement process of transactions and reporting regarding the current and historical values. In his study, Zijil (2015) denotes that conceptual framework has several benefits as it ensures accounting principle-based standards are consistent with every other principle mainly in the role of prudence and accruals. On the other hand, the absence of a strategic conceptual framework has resulted into the proliferation of rule-based accounting systems with the primary aim of treating all accounting transactions under a detailed specific requirement or rules Wells (2011, p. 304). It is a very inflexible and proactive but has a financial statements attraction being more consistent and comparable. On the contrary, adopting conceptual frameworks can result into a principle-based system where the standar ds of accounting can be designed from the conceptual basis agreed in meeting the relevant objectives. Sunder (2011) points out that the major aim of the framework is to identify the relevant and strategic objectives of the selected financial statements. It is hence used as a reporting entity in noting parties that adopt financial statements while evaluating the qualitative characteristics adopted within the financial statements as well as the characteristics of the qualitative accounting that makes the financial statements useful. 2. Importance of sharing a common conceptual framework In his study, Ritchie (2013) denotes that there are various benefits of sharing a similar conceptual framework. For instance, IASB and the FASB adopting a similar conceptual framework in their accounting strategies will be essential in; Assisting the development of the future IFRS while reviewing the available standards by setting various basic concepts. Promoting accounting standards harmonization and regulations while reducing other alternative accounting treatments Assisting the financial statements preparation in applying for IFRS including dealing with accounting transactions without an established accounting standard. 3. Comparison of the benefits of a conceptual framework for different parties The development and adoption of conceptual frameworks have over the years led to the progress of different accounting standards for different parties and companies that adopt them. Depending on the party, conceptual frameworks are set to provide a set of transparent and high-quality global standards that they are tended to achieve towards the consistency in comparing the possible results for the parties involved. In his study, Wells (2014) denotes that the frameworks have been produced incorporation with other globally known standards that aspire to achieve consistent global convergence. Such parties hence have their financial statements audited regarding the international standard of auditing with an enhanced reputation and status. It hence means that the benefits will depend on the strategies adopted by the company in adopting the conceptual framework in their performance. 4. Cross-Cutting Issues Cross-cutting issues are understood to be issues touching on the general principles affecting the well-being of the society such as gender equality, human rights and democracy, good governance, environmental sustainability, and HIV/AIDS. These are issues that directly affect the society and require a clear attention so that they can be addressed effectively to oversee the effective existence of the society in general as pointed out by Detzen (2014, p. 675). For instance, good governance t is necessary for the social and economic development process for every society and hence inherently linked to the IASB and the FASB project agendas and effective performance. Good governance is based on the different principles based on responsiveness, accountability, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, as well as inclusiveness while following the rule of law. On the other hand, sustainability development is known to be a framework for long-term sustainability mission in which social cohesio n, environmental protection, and economic growth work together. It hence focuses on meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the requirements of the future generation according to Sunder (2011, p. 350). Sustainability development is hence focused on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions as its pillars of performance. 5. Fundamental challenges with financial statements on the basis of the historical cost principle under the US GAAP Historic cost is the measure of the value adopted in accounting where the price of a property or an asset in the balance sheet is dependent on the nomnal or original cost in a company inquiry process. As an accounting method, the historic cost method is adopted for assets in the US under the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). In his study, Gjoni (2015) denotes that based on the historic cost principles, financial statements comes with various challenges. For instance, most assets held on any balance sheet need to be included in the historic cost even though they might have changed significantly in their value with time. However, not every asset is held within the historical cost such as marketable securities held at the balance sheets market value. Regarding the case study, critics contention on the GAAP is flawed since some professionals in different facets of accounting pronounce that some financial statements are often irrelevant to the financial analysts community. It is for this reason that individuals like Robert Hert (2002) have the assurance that only fair value can be an answer to the financial statement in a far clearer picture of any companys economic state. Additionally, in the absence of an active market, valuing assets can be very subjective hence making the financial statements very unreliable leading to the rise in disputes in the definition of the liabilities and assets. 6. Accounts reflecting the economic reality principle In financial accounting, it is necessary that accounting reflects corporate as well as economic realities as they exist. The principle hence suggests that it is necessary that accounting presents both economic and corporate realities. For this reason, Gjoni (2015) denotes that it is often claimed that reality cannot often be reflected in accounting as a result of the possible technical limitations reflected from the double entry book keeping as well as fair value accounting. It is hence clear that despite the ability of accounting to simply paint a picture of the reality, it can as well show the real effect on the economic status of a business or a country. For instance, real economic consequences can be considered when financial statement readers later with their actions or opinions as a result of possible and relevant changes in the accounting standards used. 7. measuring economic reality Economic reality is a test method that is adopted in determining the nature of the business transaction through the examination of the totality of the available commercial circumstances. In their study, Cordery and Zijl (2014) point out that economic reality is a test that determines if a certain instrument can be an investment contract. It can as well be used by the court in determining or ascertaining if an individual becomes the independent contractor or the employee and hence known as the common law of agency test. In measuring the economic reality, Lee (2016) denotes that the stock market can be used for the evaluation of the stock prices that will at the end give a true reality of the economic status of the market. However, Brien and Saeed (2014) denote that even though there is a link between the stock prices and the economic activity, it is sometimes tenuous as its not true that a good progress in the economy will result in an increase in the stock prices and vice versa. The primary reason is that the factors that drive stock prices are too complex, contradictory, and complex for a simple down and up correlation to apply. It is hence advisable to use other economic indicators in understanding the stock market that will give a clear reflection of the economic reality of business. For instance, Nurunnabi (2015) in his review denotes that a fall in the interest rates will lead to the purchase of the stock that will result in an increase in the economic stability. Other indicators such as the exchange rates can as well be a reflection of the economic reality depending on the business cycle as well as the market index, and fluctuations. 8. Reliability in accounting Reliability in accounting is the process of the verification of financial information and its consistency use by creditors and investigators with the same results. In their study, Prasad and Green (2015) denote that reliability refers to the trustworthiness accorded to the financial statements. In other words, in case the decision makers do not have trust on the content of the financial statements, the financial reports are then regarded as useless. Reliability of information hence occurs when a user can depend on the information provided if its materially accurate as it faithfully represents the data that it supports. It thus means that any significant omission or misstatements in the financial statements can reduce the reliability of the information it contains. For example, a business enterprise can be sued for damages by another rival company in a settlement that can threaten the company regarding its financial stability. In such a case, the non-disclosure of such information is likely to render the financial statements of the company very unreliable. In his study, Minoli and Bell (2012) point out that reliability in financial accounting is enhanced by adopting the following accounting concepts, issues, and principles; Prudence Completeness Faithful representation Neutrality The concept of single economic entity 9. Estimation of the provision by companies Apart from the satisfaction of the definition of liability, a conceptual framework employed by the companies both in the US and the Asia in the case study can as well adopt certain criteria to meet a liability recognition process on the financial statements. Evaluation of the resource outflow that embodies the economic benefits from the entity so as to ensure that the process is probably as well as measuring the liability of the value or cost of the obligation are the major steps to be followed according to Schoemaker (2013, p. 31). Regarding the first test, Yazd (2016) denotes that it is logical recognizing a liability only if there is the likelihood that the entity will be necessary for settling it. On the other hand, measuring the value of reliability is essential in ensuring that only liabilities that be measured objectively should be recognized within the financial statements. In other words, if an obligation meets the liability definition and fails in meeting its criteria for r ecognition, it is referred to as the contingent liability. In such a case, Husted and Young (2016) denote that it cannot be provided as a liability in the statements of the financial positions but just disclosed in the financial statement information. 10. Requirement aspects that were adopted by the US companies to defer liability recognition The intent of ruling concerning the recognition of liability was a disclosure of the fair market value estimation conditional nature that causes corporations to side on positions so as to differ their liability indefinitely. As a result, companies in the US decided to effectively postpone the recognition of their environmental liabilities without the inclusion of the anticipated litigation as well as the absence of the pending litigation. 11. Effect of liability recognition on the net profit in both the future and current years relating to the restoration activity effect On the contrary, the Asian companies in their recognition of environmental reliabilities may as well soon emerge as the environmental issues may be de-relocated as an issue on economic development over the past decades. It is hence clear why the responsibilities for disclosing the future reliabilities towards the environment are clearly growing for the companies around the globe. However, it is difficult to estimate the cleanup cost accurately as a result of the unknown contaminants as well as other legacy liabilities that are related to the formerly operated property, unexpected claims, and regulatory changes related to the natural damage of resources. 12. Importance of recognizing liability by companies and the efficiency of its disclosure Liability is understood to be the present or current obligation of an enterprise arising from the first event where the settlements are expected to cause an outflow from the enterprise of resources that embodies the related economic benefits. According to Chen, Cho, and Pattern (2014), a liability must meet the above definition before it is recognized in the financial statements. As a result, the obligation of the transfer of economic effects may not just be legalized as a liability recognition with respect to the constructive obligation can as well be identified where the entity has created valid expectations on the basis of past practices in the minds of the relevant authority to fulfill the obligations. References Brien, P, Saeed, U 2014, 'Reliability Makes Accounting Relevant: A Comment on the IASB Conceptual Framework Project',Accounting In Europe, 11, 2, pp. 211-217, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Chen, J, Cho, C, Patten, D 2014, 'Initiating Disclosure of Environmental Liability Information: An Empirical Analysis of Firm Choice',Journal Of Business Ethics, 125, 4, pp. 681-692, Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Cordery, C, Zijl, T 2015, 'The Purpose of Financial Reporting: The Case for Coherence in the Conceptual Framework and Standards',Abacus, 51, 1, pp. 116-141, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Detzen, D 2014, 'Inflation, Exchange Rates, and the Conceptual Framework: The FASB's Debates from 1973 to 1984',Accounting Horizons, 28, 3, pp. 673-694, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Gjoni, A 2015, 'Problems of Reliability and Informality in Financial Reporting of SME',Albanian Journal Of Agricultural Sciences, 14, 3, pp. 262-266, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Herz R, 2002, The trend toward fair value accounting', Journal of Financial Service Professionals, May 2001, pp. 16-113 Husted, B, Yang, X 2016, 'Guest Editors Introduction: Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Developing Country Multinationals',Business Ethics Quarterly, 26, 3, pp. 301-315, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Lee, TA 2016, 'The FASB and Accounting for Economic Reality',Accounting The Public Interest, 6, pp. 1-21, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Minoli, D, Bell, J 2012, 'Composite Insurer Consideration and Attitudes on Environmental Management Systems Concerning Public Liability Policies for Pollution Risks',Journal Of Environmental Assessment Policy Management, 4, 3, p. 329, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Nurunnabi, M 2015, 'Tensions between politico-institutional factors and accounting regulation in a developing economy: insights from institutional theory',Business Ethics: A European Review, 24, 4, pp. 398-424, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Prasad, A, Green, P 2015, 'Organizational Competencies and Dynamic Accounting Information System Capability: Impact on AIS Processes and Firm Performance',Journal Of Information Systems, 29, 3, pp. 123-149, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Ritchie, F 2013, 'International access to restricted data: A principles-based standards approach',Statistical Journal Of The IAOS, 29, 4, pp. 289-300, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Schoemaker, J 2013, 'Estimating Environmental Liability: QUANTIFYING THE UNKNOWN',California Management Review, 37, 3, pp. 29-61, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Sunder, S 2010, 'Hicksian Income in the Conceptual Framework',Abacus, 46, 3, pp. 348-376, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Walton, P 2014, 'Response of the EAA Financial Reporting Standards Committee to the IASB Discussion Paper A Review of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting',Accounting In Europe, 11, 2, pp. 149-184, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Wells, MC 2011, 'Framework-based Approach to Teaching Principle-based Accounting Standards',Accounting Education, 20, 4, pp. 303-316, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Yazd, Z 2016, 'The Effectiveness of Sale Methods in Liability Insurance for Physicians and Paramedics: Case Study of Asia Insurance Company in Sabzevar',International Journal Of Management, Accounting Economics, 3, 10, pp. 635-649, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017. Zijl, T 2015, 'The Purpose of Financial Reporting: The Case for Coherence in the Conceptual Framework and Standards',Abacus, 51, 1, pp. 116-141, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 31 January 2017.

Environmental Analysis for Tiffany CO.

Free Essays on Lost In The Wilderness

Lost in the Wilderness: The Outcome of Goodman Brown’s Journey through the Woods-Good or Evil? Human beings are social creatures who long to just fit in. Consequently, these groups or communities we associate ourselves with help us to determine how we view all things-tangible and intangible-that surround us. This statement may seem far-fetched at first, but just imagine the amount of mental and emotional damage one would suffer from prolonged periods of social isolation. Yet, in what situations would an individual subject themselves to such punishment? Incarceration perhaps, but this type of separation is not voluntary. By the end of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the main character voluntarily removes himself from his once trusted family and community. This action of voluntary isolation itself is perplexing, while at the same time frustrating, because it is never revealed whether Goodman Brown’s experiences that led to his social separation were good or evil for him. Instead, the story is filled with allegorical imp lications that the reader must pull from to figure out the answer to this question. In the beginning of the story, Brown is seen as innocent and naà ¯ve in his refusal to admit that evil is all around us. Even as the devil declares his acquaintance with Brown’s family, he dismisses this notion firmly stating, â€Å"We are people of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide by no such wickedness† (Hawthorne 612). Only when Brown sees his most prominent â€Å"spiritual advisors† (612) traveling through the un-Godly like woods does he realize that his trusted community is not as wholesome as he initially believed. Be that as it may, this experience could be viewed as â€Å"good† for Brown. For instance, before his voyage into the woods, he never knew that such sin and wickedness existed in the world. Eventually, Brown stumbles out of the woods, â€Å"staring around him like a b... Free Essays on Lost In The Wilderness Free Essays on Lost In The Wilderness Lost in the Wilderness: The Outcome of Goodman Brown’s Journey through the Woods-Good or Evil? Human beings are social creatures who long to just fit in. Consequently, these groups or communities we associate ourselves with help us to determine how we view all things-tangible and intangible-that surround us. This statement may seem far-fetched at first, but just imagine the amount of mental and emotional damage one would suffer from prolonged periods of social isolation. Yet, in what situations would an individual subject themselves to such punishment? Incarceration perhaps, but this type of separation is not voluntary. By the end of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the main character voluntarily removes himself from his once trusted family and community. This action of voluntary isolation itself is perplexing, while at the same time frustrating, because it is never revealed whether Goodman Brown’s experiences that led to his social separation were good or evil for him. Instead, the story is filled with allegorical imp lications that the reader must pull from to figure out the answer to this question. In the beginning of the story, Brown is seen as innocent and naà ¯ve in his refusal to admit that evil is all around us. Even as the devil declares his acquaintance with Brown’s family, he dismisses this notion firmly stating, â€Å"We are people of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide by no such wickedness† (Hawthorne 612). Only when Brown sees his most prominent â€Å"spiritual advisors† (612) traveling through the un-Godly like woods does he realize that his trusted community is not as wholesome as he initially believed. Be that as it may, this experience could be viewed as â€Å"good† for Brown. For instance, before his voyage into the woods, he never knew that such sin and wickedness existed in the world. Eventually, Brown stumbles out of the woods, â€Å"staring around him like a b...

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example ultural differences, exchange risks, legal and taxation idiosyncrasies - scholars seeking to understand the cross-border effects have been picking from different disciplines (e.g., marketing, finance, operations, strategy, organizational behavior) the relevant theories and methods. The complexity and multidimensionality of the international business environment forced to the development of some frameworks trying to classify its components. Mascarenhas (1982) developed a perspective of multiple factors the multinational organizations faces due to environmental uncertainty and focused on foreign exchange uncertainty, political uncertainty, and employment problems. Hambrick (1982) divided the environment into four categories: administrative, engineering, entrepreneurial, and regulatory, and these categories in twenty sub-categories. Several other scholars contributed to the classification in two broad dimensions: task (competitors, customers, and suppliers) and remote (political/legal, social/cultural, technological, and economic) environment (Dess & Beard, 1984; Ebrahimi, 2000). More recently, Guisinger (2001), based on prior work, proposed the geovalent construct to comprised eight "mutually exclusive, exhaustive, quantifiable, and largely replicable" (Guisinger, 2000: 4) environmental dimensions and encapsulate some of the main features of the international business environment. These dimensions are: Culture, legal system, political risk, income profile, tax regimes, econography, exchange rate, and restrictions. Business environment have been particularly influenced by factors such as Political / Legal, Economic Social / culture, Technological and Environmental. These factors are know as PESTEL analysis and are widely used by business enterprises to audit their environment and to help them establish a strategic approach to their business activities. Organizations will be directly affected by the actions of government and other political events. Major events

Pollution & the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pollution & the Environment - Essay Example Water may be polluted when pollutants come from point or non-point sources. Non-point sources include those sources that are non-discrete or that do not originate from one discrete source. Non-point pollution arises from the cumulative effect of contaminating agents in little quantities over a large area. When nitrogen compounds found in fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and other agricultural products leach out, it can easily cause pollution. Sheet flow over land used for agriculture may lead to pollution of water as the nutrients that were present in soil runoff in storm water. Point sources of pollution are those sources that come from discrete sources. For example, when a manufacturing company discharges hot water from its cooling system into a river, lake or other water body making the water body to become warm, pollution occurs from a point source. There are a wide range of agents that may cause water pollution. Some of these pollutants include pathogens, chemicals, and physical changes to the natural characteristics of water. While some minerals naturally occur in water, when their concentration in the water goes beyond the natural limit, the water is considered to be contaminated. Also, when substances that cause oxygen to be depleted in water such as man-made chemicals, grass and leaves, water pollution occurs. Pathogens or disease causing organisms such as Salmonella, Giardia lamblia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Cryptosporidium parvum may get into the water when waster water or sewage is not adequately treated (Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservatio, 2002). Chemical contaminants of water may include detergents, petroleum hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), products used for disinfection and waste from tree logging operations. Inorganic water pollutants include sulphur dioxide that is

The Automobile Industry in the US in 1920s Essay

The Automobile Industry in the US in 1920s - Essay Example In 2009, China successfully challenged its position, taking over as the second largest producer. Currently, America stands third in mass production of automobiles [1]. At the onset of the American automobile industry, a large number of manufactures came on the scene, and vigorously vied for the domination of the local market. However, towards the end of the 1920s, only three major companies had managed to control the market. Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler were the big players in the country. These companies continued to thrive strongly, even after the Great Depression and the advent of the World War 2. In the 1970s, a mishmash of rocketing oil costs, fervent competition from foreign brands, and tightening government laws greatly affected the companies negatively. From then on, the companies experienced widely fluctuating fortunes, but by 2008, the business was undergoing severe havoc. This resulted to the fall of General Motors and Chrysler, who had to file for bankruptcy. The Fo rd Company managed to stay afloat all through these trying periods, and is currently gaining momentum to regain its lost glory [2]. The Ford Company came into being from the original idea of its owner and founder, Henry Ford. Currently, the company stands second among the world’s biggest automobile producers. The multinational conglomerate is now currently worth about $167 billion dollars. Though the company specialized in automobiles, it now also runs Ford Credit, a venture that rakes in around $3 billion dollars annually. In addition, it also possesses The Hertz Corporation, which is the biggest car-rental company in the world. The corporation now produces a wide range of vehicle brands. These include Ford, Mercury,... This essay discusses the automobile industry, that is a huge part of the engineering sector and is involved in the devising, growth, production, and selling of vehicles. It is one of the major industries in the world in terms of economic worth and revenue. The definition of the industry, though broad, is limited to the production and sale of automobiles, and does not include after-sales services like repair and maintenance. The industry is laden with events and milestones that marked its start and evolution to what it is currently. Firstly, the researcher dicusses the onset of the American automobile industry and mentiones companies, such as Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler, that were the big players in the United States in the 1920s. The researcher discusses the Great Depression that happened in the late 1920s and severely depleted General Motors’ financial strength. This was what that gave the Ford Company a much-needed lifeline. The General Motors’s market share al l but disappeared, thereby greatly depleting its income avenues. The market stake of the Ford Company shot up drastically. In conclusion, the researcher states that Ford company managed to survive through the trying times mainly due to the backing of its continuous perfect performance of its financial services sector. However, reclaiming its position as the world’s biggest automotive producer is not an easy task. The frequency of changing technology and fluctuation of markets will certainly be a problem for most companies.

Benefits Of The Olympic Games

Benefits Of The Olympic Games This essay will analyse the benefits of the 2012 Olympic Games which will bring and has brought to the UK. The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games will bring a lot of benefits to the UK this essay intends to look at several of these opportunities; these opportunities include the development of sport, increase in tourism and increase in economic activity throughout the UK. (reference) Local authorities are already using the inspiration of the Games to spread wider social, economic and sporting benefits to their communities in the run up to the 2012. This will be the basis for a long term and UK wide legacy from the Games. The local Government Association has worked with local authorities to identify six UK wide legacy benefits: Inspiring children and young people Raising sporting game and influencing healthier lifestyles Volunteering Championing culture Generating and supporting tourism Boosting the local economy Many of these legacy benefits are already important to local communities, and local authorities are working hard to partners to improve performance and service delivery. The 2012 Games provide a unique catalyst to reach new groups of people, bring new partners to the table and help local authorities achieve existing targets. (reference) Hosting the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games is an opportunity to bring about positive change on a massive scale. The Games would not only add to the UKs nations sporting heritage but will also celebrate the diversity of the capital. It is a unique chance to showcase the best of London to the world and would generate huge benefits for all those who live or work in the city: Boost for Sport: The London 2012 Games will accelerate the delivery of new world-class sports infrastructure for the UK and London in particular. For example, after the Games, the athletics Stadium, Aquatics Centre, Velodrome, Indoor Sports Arena, Hockey Centre, and Canoe Slalom will all be available for use by the community as well as elite athletes. The 2012 Olympic Games is most likely to generate large amounts of interest from local authorities and businesses, this could possibly open up further links for the funding of sports at all levels. Based on the experiences of former host Olympic countries, funding for the development of elite athletes in the years running up to the Games would increase. Hosting teams for many months before the Games could also act as a catalyst for developing and refurbishing existing UK sports facilities. Boost for Business, Jobs and Skills: The hosting the Olympic Games will benefit every sector of the economy, this will provide a much needed boost for Business, more jobs will be created and skills will be gained from the 2012 Olympic Games. Thousands of UK businesses will be used to deliver the Games for example catering, manufacturing, construction, services etc, and creating valuable opportunities for businesses. An example such as the Sydney Olympic Games showed that business in Australia won over a billion pounds in contracts for the Games (PWC report), more than 200 million from regional businesses and over 55,000 people receiving employment related training. Londons tourism industry will receive a significant boost, not just for the duration of the Games but in the run up to and long after the Games. An example of how an area can benefit from the 2012 Olympic Games is how Dorset, Weymouth and Portland has increased their local visitor economy. They will host the Sailing events in 2012. The Spirit of the Sean festival, which celebrates the areas close relationship with the sea, has completed its second year and is going from strength to strength. Last years festival showcased around 50 activities at 27 venues. The festival has a range of cultural and sporting events which include water sports competitions for all ages and of all abilities, concerts on the beach, the Dorset seafood festival, the Moving Tides Childrens Procession and the Henri Lloyd Weymouth Regatta. These events all in turn encourage people to be more active and to get involved with the towns cultural opportunities. People who attend these events spent on average  £68, w hich has provided a boost in the economy. Dorset, Weymouth and Portland will be using the councils status to share with other local authorities how to secure a tourism legacy from the London 2012 Olympic Games. A London Games would also provide many new learning opportunities for Londoners to train and develop their skills. The Olympic park which is being built will also create thousands of new jobs. The running of the 2012 Olympic Games will require around 70,000 volunteers, this is set to cause the largest volunteer recruitment force in the UK. This will lead to a volunteering boost in general sports and specific sports. An example of this is Kent County councils aim to secure maximum benefit from the 2012 Olympic Games by using the Kent event team, whom are in partnership with the Kent county council and the voluntary sector, and the use of the Games as a key focal point to employee volunteers for sporting events and leisure and cultural activities across the UK. Another example is the Voluntary Action Maidstone which is the lead voluntary sector partner. In its first 18months, a manager and voluntary support staff were appointed, 700 volunteers and 40 organisations were registered and 20 events were supported. These included sporting, cultural and artistic events and festivals. The Kent event team aims to create a network of volunteers for wider community use who are available to volunteer after the 2012 Games, encourage people who are unable to make a long term commitment to volunteering, and help support the volunteering sectors to develop good practices with regard to community events. Various test events will be held during the run up to the 2012 Olympic Games, some of these test events include world championships. International Sports Federations will hold European and world championships and other large scale events in the UK, this will allow their athletes to acclimatise with the country. This will have a positive effect to the UK in the sense that it will deliver several million pounds to the UK for example Birmingham City Council concluded that hosting of the World Indoor Athletics Championships and World Badminton Championships in 2003 had a positive economic impact of  £3.5M and  £2.5M respectively. (reference) Another example Is in the Australian Olympic Games 125 teams from 39 countries went through training before the Games in different locations across Australia, the training estimated to have benefited the states economy by about 70 million (PWC, 2002). Creative Capital: Creative Industries is the fastest growing sector in London, responsible for one in five new jobs in the capital. An Olympic cultural Programme is a major aspect of the Games. From concerts in the parks to street theatre, the Games would provide a platform for talented artists in London to showcase their skills to a global audience. Boosting Health and Sporting success: Hosting the worlds greatest sporting event given the passion, excitement and interest likely to be generated would boost Government initiatives to promote participation in sport and physical activity at all levels. Physical Change: The Olympic Games would bring forward one of the largest and most significant urban regeneration projects ever undertaken in the UK, through the transformation of the Lower Lea Valley in east London. The area has already been identified as a priority by the Government, the Mayor and the LDA. Thousands of athletes, officials, spectators and media will be travelling to the Games and in order to achieve a smooth running transport system London will be improving several of the transport links to the east of London. Some of these improvements include, Channel Tunnel Shuttle link from Stratford to Kings Cross and  £1bn improvement to London East line. (reference) The creation of the Olympic Park will create more green space, maintain local biodiversity, and improve the soil, water and air quality in the London area. The ways in which this will be achieved is the waterways and canals of the river lea will be made wider and will be cleaned, and the levels of the water will be renewed to achieve a new wetland habitat for wildlife, the park will also be planted with native species some of these include oak and ask, this will provide a home for wildlife in the middle of the city, by improving the park it will encourage birdwatchers and ecologists to come and enjoy the area. The London 2012 Olympic Games would set new standard for recycling of natural resources, consumption and sustainable production. They will achieve this by†¦. During the Games The Olympic Village will be used for officials and athletes to stay during the Games and then after the Games the renovation of the Olympic village will take place, the village will turned into 5,000 homes. Houses will also be built on the Olympic park site after the Games as well as new amenities for the local community which will include shops, restaurants and cafes. This is one of the key benefits of the 2012 Olympic Games. The ODA, the Olympic delivery authority, has an equality and inclusion programme, the ODAs equality and diversity strategy and the ODAs three equality schemes covering race, disability and gender equality, the aim of this programme is to create an inclusive Games, which promotes good equality practices and access for all. This mission extends the aims of the ODA beyond these statutory duties to include the newer equality strands of age, religion and sexual orientation and other inclusion issues centred on socio-economic, culture and political disadvantage. The regeneration of the area will have many social and economic benefits. It will have a positive impact on local communities in different parts of the UK and example of how they are managing to achieve this is having a fair, open and a wider range of diverse suppliers the way in which recruiting and managing employees is done fairly, this helps to promote equal opportunities to all and eliminate discrimination in the workplace. The ODA are also working with partner organisations to encourage women, black, Asian and minority ethnic people and disabled people, to train and apply for jobs in construction and other areas. The 2012 Olympic Games is set to be inclusive for people of all cultures, faiths and ages, and fully accessible to disabled people with a wide range of impairments. The ODA will also provide a transport network that will be accessible and give everyone the opportunity to enjoy the Games, as well as leave a lasting legacy for equality and inclusion. The London organising committee of the Olympic and Paralympic games plan to get women, disabled people and BAME people actively involved in sport by raising awareness so a wider range of people watch the 2012 Games and influencing key partners to train young people in sports volunteering, coaching and other related skills. They will also challenge discrimination in sport by spreading positive messages, supporting programmes that promote equality and making full use of the London 2012 Paralympic games to inspire disabled people. They hope that with the right approach that the 2012 Games will benefit everyone.

Essay --

The KKK or Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee by former Confederate Soldiers. Some of the founders of this organization consisted of; Captain John Lester, Major James Crowe, and Richard Reed to name a few. Their main target at the time was blacks and any white person that stood with them. The Ku Klux Klan was the head of the racism movement in America. Being a hate group among minorities, they made them live in terror day in and day out. The KKK was the most feared group of people in the 1860’s. The Ku Klux Klan is better known for their bizarre costumes. They wore white robes with tall cone shaped hats that would cover their whole face except for their eyes, which was cut out. Even to this day, they follow the same dress code as they did when the organization was founded in 1866. Around 1920, the Ku Klux Klan started to burn wooden crosses in the yards of black residents in hopes they would instill enough fear that they would leave. The Ku Klux Klan also had billets that each member would hold. In 1866, when the Ku Klux Klan was founded, Nathan Bedford Forrest was the Grand Wizard of the Empire or also known as Imperial Wizard. Other than his military experience, he was not well educated, did not have experience in leading any type of people, and died not to long after the Ku Klux Klan was founded. The Ku Klux Klan Act was passed in 1871, which allowed the congress to arrest or prosecute any acts of violence that were held by the Ku Klux Klan or any form of terrorism against any individual. The Ku Klux Klan was declared unconstitutional in 1882 by the United States Supreme Court. Unfortunately, Ulysses S. Grant did not enforce the law due to many factors such as finances and it being difficult to prosecute a... ...icas’ history. Some see it as racism and hate among the KKK. Others like, the white supremacy groups, other KKK members, Neo-Nazis, and others that support and follow in their footsteps. One can’t help but to think about their ulterior motives. The KKK claims they are not racist but do not want African Americans, Hispanics, and any other race to join their alliance. Some of the KKK groups say they love but do not hate, yet they hate gays, bi-racial relationships, and we will be dammed to hell if we practice in such behaviors. They practice in what they believe in and that is making whites the superior race and although in the eyes of millions of Americans, it is wrong because we are supposed to accept everyone as they are. Regrettably, they believe only whites should exist, which sadly is protected in their constitutional rights of freedom of speech and expression.

Historical Development of Nursing

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Create a 700- to 1,050-word timeline paper of the historical development of nursing science, starting with Florence Nightingale and continuing to the present. Format the timeline however you wish, but the word count and assignment requirements must be met. Include the following in your timeline: †¢ Explain the historical development of nursing science by citing specific years, theories, theorists, and events in the history of nursing. Explain the relationship between nursing science and the profession. †¢ Include the influences on nursing science of other disciplines, such as philosophy, religion, education, anthropology, the social sciences, and psychology. Prepare to discuss your timeline with your Learning Team or in class. Format all references consistent with APA guidelines. Copyright  © 2013 Penn Nursing Science, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing http://www. nursing. upenn. edu/nhhc/Pages/AmericanNursingIntroduct ion. aspx http://www. nursing. penn. edu/nhhc/Welcome%20Page%20Content/American%20Nursing. pdf Nursing Theories. The Base for Professional Nursing Practice, Sixth Edition Chapter 2: Nursing Theory and Clinical Practice ISBN: 9780135135839  Author: Julia B. GeorgeRN, PhD copyright  © 2011  Pearson Education lorence Nightingale believed that the force for healing resides within the human being and that, if the environment is appropriately supportive, humans will seek to heal themselves. Her 13 canons indicate the areas of environment of concern to nursing.These are ventilation and warming, health of houses (pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light), petty management (today known as continuity of care), noise, variety, taking food, what food, bed and bedding, light, cleanliness of rooms and walls, personal cleanliness, chattering hopes and advices, and observation of the sick. Hildegard E. Peplau focused on the interpersonal relationship between the nurse and the patient. The three phases of this relationship are orientation, working, and termination.The relationship is initiated by the patient’s felt need and termination occurs when the need is met. Both the nurse and the patient grow as a result of their interaction. Virginia Henderson first defined nursing as doing for others what they lack the strength, will, or knowledge to do for themselves and then identified 14 components of care. These components provide a guide to identifying areas in which a person may lack the strength, will, or knowledge to meet personal needs.They include breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, moving, sleeping and resting, dressing and undressing appropriately, maintaining body temperature, keeping clean and protecting the skin, avoiding dangers and injury to others, communicating, worshiping, working, playing, and learning. Dorothea E. Orem identified three theories of self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. The ability of the p erson to meet daily requirements is known as self-care, and carrying out those activities is self-care agency.Parents serve as dependent care agents for their children. The ability to provide self-care is influenced by basic conditioning factors including but not limited to age, gender, and developmental state. Self-care needs are partially determined by the self-care requisites, which are categorized as universal (air, water, food, elimination, activity and rest, solitude and social interaction, hazard prevention, function within social groups), developmental, and health deviation (needs arising from injury or illness and from efforts to treat the injury or illness).The total demands created by the self-care requisites are identified as therapeutic self-care demand. When the therapeutic self-care demand exceeds self-care agency, a self-care deficit exists, and nursing is needed. Based on the needs, the nurse designs nursing systems that are wholly compensatory (the nurse provides a ll needed care), partly compensatory (the nurse and the patient provide care together), or supportive-educative (the nurse provides needed support and education for the patient to exercise self-care). Dorothy E.Johnson stated that nursing’s area of concern is the behavioral system that consists of seven subsystems. The subsystems are attachment or affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The behaviors for each of the subsystems occur as a result of the drive, set, choices, and goal of the subsystem. The purpose of the behaviors is to reduce tensions and keep the behavioral system in balance. Ida Jean Orlando described a disciplined nursing process. Her process is initiated by the patient’s behavior.This behavior engenders a reaction in the nurse, described as an automatic perception, thought, or feeling. The nurse shares the reaction with the patient, identifying it as the nurse’s perception, thought, or feeling, and seeking validation of the accuracy of the reaction. Once the nurse and the patient have agreed on the immediate need that led to the patient’s behavior and to the action to be taken by the nurse to meet that need, the nurse carries out a deliberative action. Any action taken by the nurse for reasons other than meeting the patient’s immediate need is an automatic action.Lydia E. Hall believed that persons over the age of 16 who were past the acute stage of illness required a different focus for their care than during the acute stage. She described the circles of care, core, and cure. Activities in the care circle belong solely to nursing and involve bodily care and comfort. Activities in the core circle are shared with all members of the health care team and involve the person and therapeutic use of self. Hall believed the drive to recovery must come from within the person.Activities in the cure circle also are shared with other members of the health care team and may i nclude the patient’s family. The cure circle focuses on the disease and the medical care. Faye G. Abdellah sought to change the focus of care from the disease to the patient and thus proposed patient-centered approaches to care. She identified 21 nursing problems, or areas vital to the growth and functioning of humans that require support from nurses when persons are for some reason limited in carrying out the activities needed to provide such growth.These areas are hygiene and comfort, activity (including exercise, rest, and sleep), safety, body mechanics, oxygen, nutrition, elimination, fluid and electrolyte balance, recognition of physiological responses to disease, regulatory mechanisms, sensory functions, emotions, interrelatedness of emotions and illness, communication, interpersonal relationships, spiritual goals, therapeutic environment, individuality, optimal goals, use of community resources, and role of society.Ernestine Wiedenbach proposed a prescriptive theory th at involves the nurse’s central purpose, prescription to fulfill that purpose, and the realities that influence the ability to fulfill the central purpose (the nurse, the patient, the goal, the means, and the framework or environment). Nursing involves the identification of the patient’s need for help, the ministration of help, and validation that the efforts made were indeed helpful.Her principles of helping indicate the nurse should look for patient behaviors that are not consistent with what is expected, should continue helping efforts in spite of encountering difficulties, and should recognize personal limitations and seek help from others as needed. Nursing actions may be reflex or spontaneous and based on sensations, conditioned or automatic and based on perceptions, impulsive and based on assumptions, or deliberate or responsible and based on realization, insight, design, and decision that involves discussion and joint planning with the patient.Joyce Travelbee w as concerned with the interpersonal process between the professional nurse and that nurse’s client, whether an individual, family, or community. The functions of the nurse–client, or human-to-human, relationship are to prevent or cope with illness or suffering and to find meaning in illness or suffering. This relationship requires a disciplined, intellectual approach, with the nurse employing a therapeutic use of self. The five phases of the human-to-human relationship are encounter, identities, empathy, sympathy, and rapport.Myra Estrin Levine described adaptation as the process by which conservation is achieved, with the purpose of conservation being integrity, or preservation of the whole of the person. Adaptation is based on past experiences of effective responses (historicity), the use of responses specific to the demands being made (specificity), and more than one level of response (redundancy). Adaptation seeks the best fit between the person and the environment . The principles of conservation deal with conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity of the individual. Imogene M.King presented both a systems-based conceptual framework of personal, interpersonal, and social systems and a theory of goal attainment. The concepts of the theory of goal attainment are interaction, perception, communication, transaction, self, role, stress, growth and development, time, and personal space. The nurse and the client usually meet as strangers. Each brings to this meeting perceptions and judgments about the situation and the other; each acts and then reacts to the other’s action. The reactions lead to interaction, which, when effective, leads to transaction or movement toward mutually agreed-on goals.She emphasizes that both the nurse and the patient bring important knowledge and information to this goal-attainment process. Martha E. Rogers identified the basic science of nursing as the Science of Unitary Human Beings. The human being is a whole, not a collection of parts. She presented the human being and the environment as energy fields that are integral with each other. The human being does not have an energy field but is an energy field. These fields can be identified by their pattern, described as a distinguishing characteristic that is perceived as a single wave.These patterns occur in a pandimensional world. Rogers’s principles are resonancy, or continuous change to higher frequency; helicy, or unpredictable movement toward increasing diversity; and integrality, or the continuous mutual process of the human field and the environmental field. Sister Callista Roy proposed the Roy Adaptation Model. The person or group responds to stimuli from the internal or external environment through control processes or coping mechanisms identified as the regulator and cognator (stabilizer and innovator for the group) subsystems.The regulator processes are essentially automatic, while the cognator processes involve perception, learning, judgment, and emotion. The results of the processing by these coping mechanisms are behaviors in one of four modes. These modes are the physiological–physical mode (oxygenation; nutrition; elimination; activity and rest; protection; senses; fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance; and endocrine function for individuals and resource adequacy for groups), self-concept–group identity mode, role function mode, and interdependence mode.These behaviors may be either adaptive (promoting the integrity of the human system) or ineffective (not promoting such integrity). The nurse assesses the behaviors in each of the modes and identifies those adaptive behaviors that need support and those ineffective behaviors that require intervention. For each of these behaviors, the nurse then seeks to identify the associated stimuli. The stimulus most directly associated with the behavior is the focal stimulus; all other stimuli that are verified as influencing the behavior are contextual stimuli.Any stimuli that may be influencing the behavior but that have not been verified as doing so are residual stimuli. Once the stimuli are identified, the nurse, in cooperation with the patient, plans and carries out interventions to alter stimuli and support adaptive behaviors. The effectiveness of the actions taken is evaluated. Betty Neuman developed the Neuman Systems Model. Systems have three environments—the internal, the external, and the created environment. Each system, whether an individual or a group, has several structures. The basic structure or core is where the energy resources reside.This core is protected by lines of resistance that in turn are surrounded by the normal line of defense and finally the flexible line of defense. Each of the structures consists of the five variables of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual characteristics. Each variable is influ enced by intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal factors. The system seeks a state of equilibrium that may be disrupted by stressors. Stressors, either existing or potential, first encounter the flexible line of defense.If the flexible line of defense cannot counteract the stressor, then the normal line of defense is activated. If the normal line of defense is breached, the stressor enters the system and leads to a reaction, associated with the lines of resistance. This reaction is what is usually termed symptoms. If the lines of resistance allow the stressor to reach the core, depletion of energy resources and death are threatened. In the Neuman Systems Model, there are three levels of prevention. Primary prevention occurs before a stressor enters the system and causes a reaction.Secondary prevention occurs in response to the symptoms, and tertiary prevention seeks to support maintenance of stability and to prevent future occurrences. Kathryn E. Barnard’s focus is on the circumstances that enhance the development of the young child. In her Child Health Assessment Interaction Model, the key components are the child, the caregiver, the environment, and the interactions between child and caregiver. Contributions made by the child include temperament and ability to regulate and by the caregiver physical health, mental health, coping, and level of education.The environment includes both animate and inanimate resources. In assessing interaction, the parent is assessed in relation to sensibility to cues, fostering emotional growth, and fostering cognitive growth. The infant is assessed in relation to clarity of cue given and responsiveness to parent. Josephine E. Paterson and Loretta T. Zderad presented humanistic nursing. Humans are seen as becoming through choices, and health is a personal value of more-being and well-being. Humanistic nursing involves dialogue, community, and phenomenologic nursology.Dialogue occurs through meeting the other, relat ing with the other, being in presence together, and sharing through call and response. Community is the sense of â€Å"we. † Phenomenologic nursology involves the nurse preparing to know another, having intuitive responses to another, learning about the other scientifically, synthesizing information about the other with information already known, and developing a truth that is both uniquely personal and generally applicable. Madeleine M. Leininger provided a guide to the inclusion of culture as a vital aspect of nursing practice.Her Sunrise Model posits that important dimensions of culture and social structure are technology, religion, philosophy, kinship and other related social factors, cultural values and lifeways, politics, law, economics, and education within the context of language and environment. All of these influence care patterns and expressions that impact the health or well-being of individuals, families, groups, and institutions. The diverse health systems inclu de the folk care systems and the professional care systems that are linked by nursing.To provide culture congruent care, nursing decisions and actions should seek to provide culture care preservation or maintenance, culture care accommodation or negotiation, or culture care repatterning or restructuring. Margaret Newman described health as expanding consciousness. Important concepts are consciousness (the information capacity of the system), pattern (movement, diversity, and rhythm of the whole), pattern recognition (identification within the observer of the whole of another), and transformation (change). Health and disease are seen as reflections of the larger whole rather than as different entities.She proposed (with Sime and Corcoran-Perry) the unitary–transformative paradigm in which human beings are viewed as unitary phenomenon. These phenomenon are identified by pattern, and change is unpredictable, toward diversity, and transformative. Stages of disorganization, or cho ice points, lead to change, and health is the evolving pattern of the whole as the system moves to higher levels of consciousness. The nurse enters into process with a client and does not serve as a problem solver. Jean Watson described nursing as human science and human care.Her clinical caritas processes include practicing loving-kindness and equanimity within a context of caring consciousness; being authentically present and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one-being-cared-for; cultivating one’s own spiritual practice and transpersonal self, developing and sustaining helping-trusting in an authentic caring relationship; being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with the deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for; creatively using self and all ways of knowing as a part of the caring process to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices; engaging in a genu ine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning while attempting to stay within other’s frame of reference; creating healing environments at all levels, physical as well as nonphysical, within a subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby the potentials of wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are enhanced; assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, to potentiate alignment of mind/body/spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care; tending to both embodied spirit and evolving spiritual emergence; opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of one’s own life-death; and soul care for self and the one-being-cared-for. These caritas processes occur within a transpersonal caring relationship and a caring occasion and caring moment as the nurse and other come together and share with each other. The transpersonal caring relationship seeks to provide mental a nd spiritual growth for both participants while seeking to restore or improve the harmony and unity within the personhood of the other.Rosemarie Rizzo Parse developed the theory of Humanbecoming within the simultaneity paradigm that views human beings as developing meaning through freedom to choose and as more than and different from a sum of parts. Her practice methodology has three dimensions, each with a related process. The first is illuminating meaning, or explicating, or making clear through talking about it, what was, is, and will be. The second is synchronizing rhythms, or dwelling with or being immersed with the process of connecting and separating within the rhythms of the exchange between the human and the universe. The third is mobilizing transcendence, or moving beyond or moving toward what is envisioned, the moment to what has not yet occurred.In the theory of Humanbecoming, the nurse is an interpersonal guide, with the responsibility for decision making (or making of choices) residing in the client. The nurse provides support but not counseling. However, the traditional role of teaching does fall within illuminating meaning, and serving as a change agent is congruent with mobilizing transcendence. Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain presented the theory of Modeling and Role-Modeling. Both modeling and role-modeling involve an art and a science. Modeling requires the nurse to seek an understanding of the client’s view of the world. The art of modeling involves the use of empathy in developing this understanding.The science of modeling involves the use of the nurse’s knowledge in analyzing the information collected to create the model. Role-modeling seeks to facilitate health. The art of role-modeling lies in individualizing the facilitations, while the science lies in the use of the nurse’s theoretical knowledge base to plan and implement care. The aims of intervention are to build trust, promote the cl ient’s positive orientation of self, promote the client’s perception of being in control, promote the client’s strengths, and set mutual health-directed goals. The client has self-care knowledge about what his needs are and self-care resources to help meet these needs and takes self-care action to use the resources to meet the needs.In addition, a major motivation for human behavior is the drive for affiliated individuation, or having a personal identity while being connected to others. The individual’s ability to mobilize resources is identified as adaptive potential. Adaptive potential may be identified as adaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resources are utilized appropriately), maladaptive equilibrium (a nonstress state in which resource utilization is placing one or more subsystems in jeopardy), arousal (a stress state in which the client is having difficulty mobilizing resources), or impoverishment (a stress state in which resources are diminished or depleted).Interventions differ according to the adaptive potential. Those in adaptive equilibrium can be encouraged to continue and may require only facilitation of their self-care actions. Those in maladaptive equilibrium present the challenge of seeing no reason to change since they are in equilibrium. Here motivation strategies to seek to change are needed. Those in arousal are best supported by actions that facilitate change and support individuation; these are likely to include teaching, guidance, direction, and other assistance. Those in impoverishment have strong affiliation needs, need their internal strengths promoted, and need to have resources provided. Nola J.Pender developed the Health Promotion Model (revised) with the goal of achieving outcomes of health-promoting behavior. Areas identified to help understand personal choices made in relation to health-promoting behavior include perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self- efficacy (or ability to carry out the action), activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, situation influences, commitment to a plan of action, and immediate competing demands and preferences. Patricia Benner described expert nursing practice and identified five stages of skill acquisition as novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.She discusses a number of concepts in relation to these stages, including agency, assumptions, expectations and set, background meaning, caring, clinical forethought, clinical judgment, clinical knowledge, clinical reasoning, clinical transitions, common meanings, concern, coping, skill acquisition, domains of practice, embodied intelligence, embodied knowledge, emotions, ethical judgment, experience, graded qualitative distinctions, intuition, knowing the patient, maxims, paradigm cases and personal knowledge, reasoning-in-transition, social embeddedness, stress, temporality, thinking-in-action, and unplanned practices. Julie t Corbin and Anselm L. Strauss developed the Chronic Illness Trajectory Framework, in which they describe the course of illness and the actions taken to shape that course. The phases of the framework are pretrajectory, trajectory onset, stable, unstable, acute, crisis, comeback, downward, and dying.A trajectory projection is one’s personal vision of the illness, and a trajectory scheme is the plan of actions to shape the course of the illness, control associated symptoms, and handle disability. Important also are one’s biography or life story and one’s everyday life activities (similar to activities of daily living). Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer present nursing as caring in a grand theory that may be used in combination with other theories. Persons are caring by virtue of being human; are caring, moment to moment; are whole and complete in the moment; and are already complete while growing in completeness. Personhood is the process of living grounded in ca ring and is enhanced through nurturing relationships.Nursing as a discipline is a being, knowing, living, and valuing response to a social call. As a profession, nursing is based on a social call and uses a body of knowledge to respond to that call. The focus of nursing is nurturing persons living in caring and growing in caring. This nurturing occurs in the nursing situation, or the lived experience shared between the nurse and the nursed, in which personhood is enhanced. The call for nursing is not based on a need or a deficit and thus focuses on helping the other celebrate the fullness of being rather than seeking to fix something. Boykin and Schoenhofer encourage the use of storytelling to make evident the service of nursing.Katharine Kolcaba developed a comfort theory in which she describes comfort, comfort care, comfort measures, and comfort needs as well as health-seeking behavior, institutional integrity, and intervening variables. She speaks of comfort as physical, psychosp iritual, environmental, and sociocultural and describes technical comfort measures, coaching for comfort, and comfort food for the soul. Ramona Mercer describes the process of becoming a mother in the four stages of commitment, attachment, and preparation; acquaintance, learning, and physical restoration; moving toward a new normal; and achievement of the maternal identity. The stages occur with the three nested living environments of family and friends, community, and society at large.Afaf Meleis, in her theory of transitions, identifies four types of transitions: developmental, situational, health–illness, and organizational. Properties of the transition experience include awareness, engagement, change and difference, time span, critical points, and events. Personal conditions include meanings, cultural beliefs and attitudes, socioeconomic status, and preparation and knowledge. Community conditions include family support, information available, health care resources, and ro le models. Process indicators are feeling connected, interacting, location, and being situated and developing confidence and coping. Outcome indicators include mastery and fluid integrative processes. Merle H.Mishel describes uncertainty in illness with the three major themes of antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty, and coping with uncertainty. Antecedents of uncertainty are the stimuli frame, including symptom pattern, event familiarity, and event congruence; cognitive capacity or informational processing ability; and structure providers, such as education, social support, and credible authorities. Appraisal of uncertainty includes both inference (use of past experience to evaluate an event) and illusion (creating beliefs from uncertainty with a positive outlook). Coping with uncertainty includes danger, opportunity, coping, and adaptation.The Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness Theory adds self-organization and probabilistic thinking and changes the goal from r eturn to previous level of functioning to growth to a new value system. Each of these models or theories will be applied to clinical practice with the following case study: May Allenski, an 84-year-old White female, had emergency femoral-popliteal bypass surgery two days ago. She has severe peripheral vascular disease, and a clot blocked 90% of the circulation to her right leg one week ago. The grafts were taken from her left leg, so there are long incisions in each leg. She lives in a small town about 75 miles from the medical center. The initial clotting occurred late on Friday night; she did not see a doctor until Monday.The first physician referred her to a vascular specialist, who then referred her to the medical center. Her 90-year-old husband drove her to the medical center on Tuesday. You anticipate she will be discharged to home on the fourth postoperative day, as is standard procedure. She is learning to transfer to and from bed and toilet to wheelchair. Table 2-1 shows ex amples of application in clinical practice that are not complete but are intended to provide only a partial example for each. Study of these examples can provide ideas or suggestions for use in clinical practice. Readers are encouraged to develop further detail as appropriate to their practice.

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